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Posts: 17936
Feb 19 12 9:47 AM
Custodian of Castle Anthrax
PM, The thing is, we've been tinkering with genes for millennia. Austrian monk Gregor Mendel figured out the rule of genetics decades before Watson and Crick figured out DNA. Neat trick. "Cross pollination" is a synonym for GM. It's just that with modern GM technology, we can not only mix genes from one corn variety to another. We can mix in the gene from an arctic fish, to make the corn (tomato) resistant to freezing. _Sear
DefinitionGenetic engineering alters the genetic makeup of an organism using techniques that introduce heritable material prepared outside the organism either directly into the host or into a cell that is then fused or hybridized with the host.[1] This involves using recombinant nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) techniques to form new combinations of heritable genetic material followed by the incorporation of that material either indirectly through a vector system or directly through micro-injection, macro-injection and micro-encapsulation techniques. Genetic engineering does not include traditional animal and plant breeding, in vitro fertilisation, induction of polyploidy, mutagenesis and cell fusion techniques that do not use recombinant nucleic acids or a genetically modified organism in the process.[1] Cloning and stem cell research, although not considered genetic engineering,[2] are closely related and genetic engineering can be used within them.[3] Synthetic biology is an emerging discipline that takes genetic engineering a step further by introducing artificially synthesized genetic material from raw materials into an organism.[4] If genetic material from another species is added to the host, the resulting organism is called transgenic. If genetic material from the same species or a species that can naturally breed with the host is used the resulting organism is called cisgenic.[5] Genetic engineering can also be used to remove genetic material from the target organism, creating a gene knockout organism.[6] In Europe genetic modification is synonymous with genetic engineering while within the United States of America it can also refer to conventional breeding methods.[7] Within the scientific community, the term genetic engineering is not commonly used; more specific terms such as transgenic are preferred.
Genetic engineering alters the genetic makeup of an organism using techniques that introduce heritable material prepared outside the organism either directly into the host or into a cell that is then fused or hybridized with the host.[1] This involves using recombinant nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) techniques to form new combinations of heritable genetic material followed by the incorporation of that material either indirectly through a vector system or directly through micro-injection, macro-injection and micro-encapsulation techniques. Genetic engineering does not include traditional animal and plant breeding, in vitro fertilisation, induction of polyploidy, mutagenesis and cell fusion techniques that do not use recombinant nucleic acids or a genetically modified organism in the process.[1] Cloning and stem cell research, although not considered genetic engineering,[2] are closely related and genetic engineering can be used within them.[3] Synthetic biology is an emerging discipline that takes genetic engineering a step further by introducing artificially synthesized genetic material from raw materials into an organism.[4]
If genetic material from another species is added to the host, the resulting organism is called transgenic. If genetic material from the same species or a species that can naturally breed with the host is used the resulting organism is called cisgenic.[5] Genetic engineering can also be used to remove genetic material from the target organism, creating a gene knockout organism.[6] In Europe genetic modification is synonymous with genetic engineering while within the United States of America it can also refer to conventional breeding methods.[7] Within the scientific community, the term genetic engineering is not commonly used; more specific terms such as transgenic are preferred.
If synthetic or processed fertilizers are used, the producers can't make the claim. So they use manure instead. The synthetically fertilized crops are OK.
These days in the U.S. we do have huge monoculture crops; agri-bidness. But we don't rely on our crops natural immunity. We use chemical fertilizers, herbicides, fungicides, & pesticides to protect them.- Sear
And finally, it's about patents. If someone can patent the staple foods that we eat, they have us all by the short and curlies.- John
``Really, Mr Collins,'' cried Elisabeth with some warmth, ``you puzzle me exceedingly. If what I have hitherto said can appear to you in the form of encouragement, I know not how to express my refusal in such a way as may convince you of its being one.'' - Pride and Prejudice
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